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Компания Forex4you предоставляет высокотехнологичный и профессиональный сервис. Выбирая Forex4you своим брокером, Вы получаете самый доступный вариант выхода на рынок по технологии No Dealing Desk c исполнением сделок BBO.
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Условия работы Forex4you:

• Самые современные технологии: плавающий spread от 0,5 пункта, Marker Execution, BBO, Market Depth, One Click Trading;
• Cпособы ввода/вывода средств: банковские карты, электронные деньги, платежные терминалы, мобильные платежи и переводы между внутренними счетами клиента;
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• «Разбор полетов»: бесплатный сервис анализа Вашей торговой активности в Личном Кабинете;
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forex4you.org

Компания Forex4you предоставляет высокотехнологичный и профессиональный сервис. Выбирая Forex4you своим брокером, Вы получаете самый доступный вариант выхода на рынок по технологии No Dealing Desk c исполнением сделок BBO.
Мы предоставляем широкий выбор счетов, Вы найдете подходящие условия торговли независимо от своего уровня: "Cent" для самообучения, "Cent NDD" для доступного выхода на межбанковский валютный рынок; "Classic Lite" для тех, кто научился зарабатывать; «Classic» для опытных трейдеров и "Pro" для профессионалов рынка Forex.
Условия работы Forex4you:

• Самые современные технологии: плавающий spread от 0,5 пункта, Marker Execution, BBO, Market Depth, One Click Trading;
• Cпособы ввода/вывода средств: банковские карты, электронные деньги, платежные терминалы, мобильные платежи и переводы между внутренними счетами клиента;
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• Торговый терминал: самый популярный и надежный - Meta Trader 4 + мобильные версии для Ваших портативных устройств;
• Информационная поддержка: новостная лента от крупнейшего мирового агентства Dow Jones Newswires (UK), аналитика и прогнозы от Trading Central (US);
• Удобный интерфейс «Личный Кабинет»: управление Вашими торговыми счетами;
• «Разбор полетов»: бесплатный сервис анализа Вашей торговой активности в Личном Кабинете;
• Техническая поддержка: круглосуточно LiveChat на сайте и бесплатная горячая линия 24/5;
• Представительства и офисы: более чем в 50 регионах РФ, СНГ и ближнего зарубежья;
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Campus Holdings Acquires Shares in Ambow Education

BEIJING, Jan 9, 2012 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ -- Ambow Education Holding Ltd. ("ambow education" or the "company" nyse:AMBO), a leading national provider of educational and career enhancement services in China, and Baring Private Equity Asia ("Baring Asia"), one of the most established independent private equity firms in Asia with extensive experience in China's education sector, announce the recent acquisition of shares in Ambow Education by Campus Holdings Limited ("Campus Holdings" or "Campus"). Campus Holdings was formed for the purpose of acquiring shares in the Company pursuant to a Participation Agreement dated October 26th, 2011 between Baring Asia and Dr. Jin Huang, the CEO and Chairwoman of Ambow Education. Under the Participation Agreement, both Dr. Jin Huang and Baring Asia have an economic interest in the shares of Ambow Education acquired by Campus Holdings, and have structured a long-term investment to focus on the future growth and development of the Company.

From November 9th, 2011 to January 6th, 2012, Campus purchased an aggregate of 10,939,555 Class A ordinary shares and 477,475 Class B ordinary shares (a total of 11,417,030 ordinary shares) from third parties who are not affiliates of Campus in privately negotiated transactions for an aggregate consideration of $48,170,329. Upon the acquisition by Campus, the Class B ordinary shares automatically converted into Class A ordinary shares. Campus also acquired an aggregate of 234,296 ADSs, representing 468,592 Class A Shares, in open market transactions.

Dr. Jin Huang, the founder of Ambow Education, commented: "Despite the macroeconomic uncertainties both globally and in China, Ambow has gained market share and delivered on our promises, achieving 33% year-over-year net revenue growth and over 35% year-over-year GAAP operating income growth for the first 9 months of 2011. I am very pleased that Baring Asia shares our view about the prospects for Ambow and China's education industry. This purchase demonstrates our joint confidence in the Company's long-term business fundamentals and growth prospects. The management team is dedicated to improving shareholder value and increasing investors' understanding of Ambow and China's education sector."

Mr. Jean Eric Salata, Founder and CEO of Baring Asia, commented: "We are very excited about this new partnership and our long-term involvement with Ambow Education. Education in China is a sector in which Baring Asia has had extensive prior investment experience, and we continue to see strong demand for the private education industry in China due to sustained rising disposable incomes and high competition for admission to schools. We believe that our pan-Asian investment program, including expertise in the education sector across multiple Asian geographies, makes us a strategic investor capable of adding value to the Company through the next stage of its development."

For further information on Campus Holdings Limited, please refer to the Schedule 13D and Schedule 13D/A filed by Campus Holdings Limited with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 15th, 2011 and December 5th 2011.

About Ambow Education Holding Ltd.

Ambow Education Holding Ltd. AMBO +0.29% is a leading national provider of educational and career enhancement services in China, offering high-quality individualized services and products. Ambow has two business divisions: "Better Schools," which includes tutoring centers and K-12 schools; and "Better Jobs," which includes career enhancement centers and colleges. With its extensive network of regional service hubs complemented by a dynamic proprietary learning platform and distributors, Ambow provides its services and products to students in 30 out of the 31 provinces and autonomous regions within China.

About Baring Private Equity Asia

Baring Private Equity Asia is one of the largest and most established independent private equity firms in Asia with US$5 billion under management. The firm runs a pan-Asian investment program, specializing in mid-market companies requiring capital for expansion, recapitalization or acquisitions. The firm has been investing in Asia since its formation in 1997 and has 81 employees located in offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Mumbai, Singapore and Tokyo. Baring Asia is 100% owned by its partners. The firm also has extensive prior experience investing in the education sector in Asia.

For investor and media inquiries please contact:

Ms. Mandy Li IR Manager Ambow Education Holding Ltd. Tel: +86-10-6026-8130 Email: ir@ambow.com

Mr. Richard BartonKreab Gavin AndersonTel: +852 2218 9988Email: rbarton@kreabgavinanderson.com

Mr. Dan BillingsKreab Gavin AndersonTel: +852 3753 6030Email: dbillings@kreabgavinanderson.com

SOURCE Ambow Education Holding Ltd.

What Tebow Said After Beating Steelers; No Mention of 3:16

By TONI MONKOVIC

It was great football theater, but a lot of the talk on Monday about the Broncos-Steelers game figures to be about Tim Tebow’s 316 passing yards and his favorite Bible verse, 3:16. Which is harmless fun, or another opportunity to argue about religion (as a Fifth Down post argued last month, that would be a shame.)

Here are a few postgame quotations from the Broncos, then the transcript from Tim Tebow’s news conference, as provided by the Broncos’ Web site(No, no mention of 3:16).

“He really answered the bell. He came out, played great. And you know what? He pulled that trigger. He put it on the money. I love it. It’s perfect.” – John Elway, Broncos vice president

“When I saw him scoring, I jumped in the stands. It was my first time doing that.”
— Tim Tebow on his reaction to Demaryius Thomas’s touchdown in overtime

“We had struggled over the last couple of weeks, and I think a lot of that progress was because of our quarterback. A lot is said. A lot was written. A lot of critique on him, and I thought he stepped up in a huge way tonight.” John Fox, Broncos coach.

“He showed that he’s a quarterback in the NFL. Case closed. They said he can’t throw. They said we weren’t going to be able to move the ball on them. We did that. I wonder what they’re going to say next week.” Willis McGahee, on what Tebow proved

TIM TEBOW POSTGAME TRANSCRIPT

On feeling pressure in his first postseason
“I don’t know if I felt extra pressure from it. I knew it was a big game. We had a great week of practice—we practiced hard—and I felt like we had a great game plan, and we were playing a very good Pittsburgh Steelers team. They came out and they played hard, and we played hard, and it was a great game, and I’m very thankful we were able to get the win.

“First and foremost I just want to thank my Lord and savior, Jesus Christ. He’s done so much in my life. And I also want to thank my teammates for the effort that they put out there and just showing so much character—whether it’s good; whether it’s bad—all year, and then our coaches, who every game, whether I’m doing good or bad, stick with me, and I’m very appreciative of that.”

On the winning play
“It’s a great call, first of all. It’s something we had ran earlier in the game. Just off some of our zone-read stuff, [Pittsburgh was] bringing the safeties, playing, like, a Blitz Zero look but not blitzing the [linebackers] inside. It was a great call by Coach [offensive coordinator Mike] McCoy. We wanted to try and get [WR Demaryius Thomas] in there, behind the safeties blitzing, and he did a great job getting off the corner and just waiting for the pass through the second window from the backer, and [I] just tried to fit it in there, and he made a great catch and a great run after the catch, and the offensive line blocked phenomenal. It was also a great call. It’s a pretty good fake, and [RB] Willis [McGahee] really sold it, and the [offensive] line really sold it, so [Pittsburgh] couldn’t really get a lot of pressure, and [Thomas] made a heck of a play.”

On WR Demaryius Thomas’s performance (Four receptions, 204 yards)
“I think a lot of different guys stepped up and made plays, including [Thomas]. He just did a great job. I think the coaches coached him up well this week on how to attack the corners and giving him a lot of different looks, with splits, with timing, with the different play actions, double moves, and he did a great job with it and just made a bunch of big plays.”

On if he was more aggressive in the past game than in the past month
“I think it’s just a mentality, being aggressive. Whether it’s in the pocket, when I was stepping up and I start to scramble, which we got a few first downs on that, [or] whether it’s when I’m stepping up and giving a receiver an opportunity on a deep ball. Like, early, on third down, beginning of the second quarter, when I hit [WR Demaryius Thomas] down the sideline—that’s a play I was being very aggressive, trusting him. I couldn’t see exactly where the [defensive back] was—it was kind of a broken play—[I] just trusted him, and he made a great play.”

More reactions are available at the Broncos’ site.

Extra point Tebow has mastered the language of deflecting credit. It makes for dry reading —  too specific (with play jargon) to be understandable sometimes and too selfless to be insightful. But as Mark Kriegel of FoxSports.com writes, one of his best traits is humility.  

Валютная пара находится в канале, нисходящийй тренд. Вход для среднесрок не выгоден, надо ждать пробоя уровня либо изменения тренда, внутридневная торговля наполнена большими объёмами.

Why Is Occupy New Hampshire Being Ignored?

JAN

8

New Hampshire Debate: The Trickless-Dick Mitt Fix Is In

By Charles P. Pierce

at 1:03AM

MANCHESTER, N.H — At this moment, I am still digesting the incredible farrago of gibbering nonsense, vengeful religious rage, political chickenshit, and Mandarin Chinese that combined to make the 45,670th of 62,390 scheduled Republican presidential debates the Level 4 biohazard that it was. Instead, I'm going to talk about signs for a while.

There is no question that, on the highways and byways of New Hampshire, Ron Paul has won convincingly the critical Overpass Primary. On Route 93, all the way from the Massachusetts border to a little north of the lake country (which is as far as I went, lest I be tempted to say, "Oh, fk this whole parade," and keep going until I found a nice trapper's cabin in the wilderness of Quebec), there wasn't a single overpass above the highway that didn't have a banner saying, "RON PAUL — PEACE" or "RON PAUL — PROSPERITY" or some such other inspirational — if dangerously distracting — epigram. Paul also edged Willard Romney in the less critical Signs In The Woods primary. Willard had some of his out there, but they were just your basic lawn signs, guaranteed to blow over in the mildest breeze. Paul's were deeper in the forest, and they were generally made of wood and were hand-painted. (It is entirely possible that, come Wednesday, these signs once again will resume their primary jobs as back doors or kitchen tables.) Some of these were also found rising from pastures. That's what I call field organizing: organizing your signs in actual fields.

Okay. I'm ready now.

In brief, Saturday night may have been the most naked piece of point-shaving and game-throwing since the 1919 World Series. I've seen fixed prizefights where the issue was more in doubt. The other candidates went so far into the tank for Willard that they may not dry off until next August. In the 1950's, Frankie Carbo would have had them all killed because they made it look so damned obvious. Where was the promised Gingrich assault on the frontrunner? Where was the blood, the guts, the glory? Where was the damn slasher film we all anticipated? This was a waltz, and a clumsy one. If the people in that audience had any pride at all, they'd have attacked the ABC platform and demanded satisfaction for this massive piece of consumer fraud.

The coalescing has begun. The non-Romneys seem to be coming to grips with the fact that there's virtually no chance that Willard isn't the nominee. So, by and large, the rest of them started paying court staying away from him. This had two major consequences:

1) Willard was able to get away with being even more banal than he usually is, except for that one moment when George Stephanopoulos tried to get him to give a straight answer on the right to privacy as derived from the 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut decision in reference to contraception. "I don't know any state that wants to ban contraception, George," said Willard, running through all four of the expressions of which his face is capable, beginning with "Lordly Disdain" and ending with "Flog The Butler." Stephanopoulos pressed on. (At one point, I thought he might throw a packet of Trojans at Willard and say, "These, motherfucker!") Romney ducked, weaved, made his face work harder than he was, until he finally cried, "Hey, contraception works!"

Not exactly Webster's Reply To Hayne, true. But not banal.

And:

2) Because they declined to be dicks to Willard, because they're all going to spend most of next autumn getting sockless, drunk, and standing behind him on a stage, pretending they don't want to hit him with their shoes, the rest of the cast decided to be dicks toward each other, toward the president, and toward large numbers of their fellow countrymen and countrywomen. Ron Paul called Newt Gingrich a chickenhawk, and Newt responded by saying that he'd never asked for his deferment, which he received because he was married at the time to the first of his future ex-wives. Paul came back at him. "When I was called, I was married and had two kids. I went." Dr. Paul has a dickish side to him that has been heretofore covert. Not anymore.

Newt rallied his well-wrought dickness, though, right after a lengthy wrangle over gay marriage that might have been the most pointless discussion of that particular controversial issue ever conducted, by attacking the "liberal news media" for paying so much attention to discrimination under the law aimed at gay people, and none at all to the fact that Catholic organizations have been forbidden from arranging adoptions and performing other social services because they choose to practice discrimination based on religion. "There's anti-Christian bigotry and none of it gets covered," thundered Gingrich, who earlier in the discussion said that being nice to gay couples (Hey, you can visit your partner when he's dying. Is this a great country or what?) didn't mean adjusting the sacrament of marriage. It apparently has eluded his Holiness, Pope N. Leroy I, that not only is secular marriage not a sacrament, but also that a lot of Protestant denominations don't believe it is, either.

(The trademark Gingrichian sneer was mostly leveled at President Obama, who, Gingrich said, "in his desperate attempt to create a radical socialist European model is undoubtedly sincere." Ooooh, snap! Look upon my adjectives, ye mighty, and despair!)

His Holiness was joined in this newest Crusade by that emptiest of suits, Governor Goodhair Perry, who babbled about the administration's "war on religion" while citing... well, who the Christ cares what he cited? He isn't even competing in New Hampshire, but he took time to fly all the way up here to continue to be the biggest bindlestiff who ever stood behind a podium, probably just to get his mug on television. That is Rick Perry today in New Hampshire: the guy without the shirt who runs onto the field in the seventh inning.

However, leading the pack to the surprise of nobody was Rick Santorum, who may well be the dickiest dick who ever ran for high office in this great land. His dickitude is vast. It contains multitudes. His dickosity will be studied by scholars for as long as there are scholars willing to plow through the highest and most arcane levels of the dickocrypha. Jesus Mary, have I mentioned what a dick this guy is?

Somebody hit him for being on the 2006 list of the most corrupt members of Congress put together by the watchdog group Citizens For Responsibility And Ethics In Washington (CREW). This was Santorum's reply:

"Anybody who hasn't been sued by CREW isn't a conservative."

(Sorry. The list you were on included four Democrats including William Jefferson, who went to the slam, and Maxine Waters, who is many things, but is not a conservative. Dick.)

But Santorum didn't reach his true dickotheosis until he decided to take on Willard Romney for using the phrase "middle class."

"Governor Romney uses a term I shy away from," Santorum said. "'Middle-class.' There are no "classes" in America. Middle-income, maybe. But we don't put people into 'classes.' We don't get into class warfare. That's their job."

I am telling you this as a true fact: I have never heard a politician say anything that stupid before in 30 years of watching politicians talk in public. I realize that talking about class in this country rather puts the lie to all that American Dream malarkey that raises all that money for y'all, and that Joe McCarthy made talking about class downright dangerous in the 1950's but, Jesus H. Christ on a package tour of the Balkans, when did using the word "class" become a liberal plot? When did it become... wait for it... politically incorrect? But it was the self-righteous fervor, the glistening brow and flashing eyes, with which Santorum delivered himself of this barking idiocy that made the sheer stupidity of it pale in comparison to the proud dickishness with which it was proclaimed.

There are no classes in America?

At a time when income disparity is at its greatest level since God knows when? At a time when real wages have been stalled since half-past Reagan? At a time in which the richest 10 percent of the country controls two-thirds of our net worth? At the conclusion of three decades in which the change in income among American families has tilted so far toward the richest one-percent that the chart looks like fking K2?

There are no classes in America?

Dick.

All that was left was Jon Huntsman's big moment, when he accused Willard (again) of fomenting a trade war with China and, when Willard denied it, Huntsman said something to him in Mandarin that supposedly meant, "You just don't get it."

How useless an exercise was this whole thing? The toughest thing anyone said to the frontrunner was in Chinese. Then Willard got a chance to be a dick by summoning up his gift for patronizing sarcasm. "There it is," smirked Willard. "He wins!"

At the very end, just as I was beginning to wonder if the end would ever come, they were asked what would they be doing on Saturday night if they weren't on that stage. (Ooh, ooh! Ask me! Ask me!) Gingrich started off by saying he'd be home "watching the national-championship college basketball game." He meant the football game, and he caught himself, sort of, so we'll give him a pass. Then two of his compadres — including Willard — agreed with him. Yeah, they'd be watching that national-championship game, you betcha, boy howdy.

The BCS championship game takes place Monday night. Three members of the Republican presidential field told America last night that, if they weren't in New Hampshire being dicks to themselves and the rest of the nation, they'd be home watching a football game that wouldn't be played for nearly another 48 hours. That cabin sounded mighty good by then. Bienvenue, Quebec!

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Read more: http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/new-hampshire-debate-analysis-6634955#ixzz1ir8xjCNR

GOP Rivals Go After Romney in New Hampshire Debate

Published January 07, 2012

| FoxNews.com

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  Jan. 7, 2012: Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, left, answers a question as former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum listens during a Republican presidential candidate debate at Saint Anselm College in Manchester, N.H.

MANCHESTER, N.H. –  The battle among Mitt Romney’s competitors took center stage Saturday night, as the candidates toggled between swiping at the race’s frontrunner and launching personal attacks on one another at a critical New Hampshire debate.

Three days before the first-in-the-nation primary, the debate and its tone reflected the state of the polls. Romney is leading by a wide margin, and four other candidates appear to be in contention at least for second position.

Those candidates clashed frequently at Saturday’s debate – and most of those clashes involved Ron Paul, who is closest to Romney in the polls and wasn’t shy about reminding the crowd.

“Doing pretty well -- catching up on Mitt every single day,” Paul said halfway through the debate, summing up his campaign.

On everything from military service to federal spending, Paul went after his opponents and cast them as phony conservatives while his opponents accused the Texas congressman of stretching the truth to score political points.

A heated moment came when Paul, one of two candidates who served in the military, suggested Newt Gingrich sought deferments to avoid military service.

“I’m trying to stop the wars – at least I went when they called me up,” Paul said.

In response, Gingrich said he never asked for a deferment, but rather was married with a child and it “was never a question.”

“Dr. Paul has a long history of saying things that are inaccurate and false,” he said. “I personally resent the kind of comments and aspersions he routinely makes without accurate information and then just slurs people.”

Earning brief applause, Paul responded: “When I was drafted, I was married and had two kids, and I went.”

The exchange had little to do with the top issues in the campaign to date – such as the economy, the budget and Iran. But the personal nature of it was emblematic of a race that has taken on a sharper edge as candidates try to keep from being eliminated in the upcoming primary contests. 

Romney won the Iowa caucuses by just eight votes, and he is poised to dominate in New Hampshire while leading in the polls in South Carolina.

Rick Santorum, who placed second in Iowa, is trying to build on that performance. Gingrich is trying to recover after sliding from the front of the pack. Paul has shown little hesitation about attacking either of those two candidates, while former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman has built his entire campaign strategy around a strong performance in New Hampshire.

Santorum went after Romney early, dismissing the frontrunner as a mere manager.

“Business experience doesn’t necessarily match up with being commander in chief of this country,” he said. "Being a president is not a CEO. You've got to lead and inspire.”

He also said Romney’s tax plan is too meek to get the country's economy moving again.

Huntsman had a rare on-stage tangle with Romney at the very close of the debate on the issue of China, where Huntsman recently served as ambassador under President Obama.

After Huntsman criticized Romney for his tough talk on China and said the country needs a president who understands that relationship, Romney interjected.

“You were, the last two years, implementing the policies of this administration in China. The rest of us on this stage were doing our best to get Republicans elected across the country,” Romney said.

 He went on to criticize China for “hacking into our computers” and manipulating their currency, among other offenses, and pledged to ensure they don’t “kill American jobs any longer.”

Huntsman gave his retort in Mandarin –- translated, he told Romney that he doesn’t understand the situation.

Gingrich also criticized Romney. He referred to published accounts in the media that described how some workers were laid off after Romney's investment company Bain Capital invested in their companies and sought to turn them around.

He said Romney should be judged on the basis of whether "on balance, were people better off or worse off by this style of management."

He criticized what he described as a “Wall Street model where you can flip companies … you can basically take all the money leaving behind the workers.”

Romney retorted that Bain Capital had created 100,000 jobs on balance, and that a businessman's experience was far better to fix the economy than a lifetime spent in Washington, D.C.

"I'm very proud of the fact that the two enterprises I led were successful," he said, referring to Bain and another firm.

The 90-minute encounter crackled with urgency.

Paul said Santorum was a "big government person" even though he campaigns as a conservative, referring to votes the former Pennsylvania senator cast to raise the debt limit.

Santorum answered that he had played a key role more than 15 years ago in legislation that overhauled the nation's welfare laws.

“You’re a big spender and that’s all there is to it,” Paul said. “To say you’re a conservative I think is a stretch but you’ve convinced a lot of people of it.”

Santorum responded: “You vote against everything. I don’t vote against everything.”

Rick Perry tried to get back into the debate. After his fifth place finish in Iowa, the Texas governor is polling in last place in New Hampshire. At the debate, Perry emphasized that he was an outsider “who is not corrupted by the process.”

There were few light moments, and even then one of the six presidential hopefuls on stage sought to turn the back-and-forth to his advantage.

At one point, Paul was interrupted by a bell meant to indicate his time to speak had expired. "There it goes again," he said.

Santorum replied instantly: "It knows you're not telling the truth."

The debate veered heavily at one point into social issues. Romney appeared to struggle on a question over whether the states should be allowed to ban contraceptives if they want. Romney described the scenario as “silly,” and said no states are pursuing such an option. “Contraception, it’s working just fine, just leave it alone,” he concluded.

Santorum stood by his positions on social issues. Asked what would happen if there were an amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman, he said same-sex couples who currently are legally married “would not be married” anymore.

Gingrich suffered a flub on the debate’s final question -– on what the candidates would be doing on a Saturday night if they weren’t debating.

“I’d be watching the college championship basketball game,” he said.

After being corrected, he added: “I mean, football game.”

The ABC News debate at Saint Anselm College was the first in more than three weeks, and the first since Michele Bachmann dropped out of the race after a disappointing finish in Iowa this week. The candidates faced a quick turnaround for the second debate, set for Sunday morning in Concord.

The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/01/07/gop-rivals-go-after-romney-in-new-hampshire-debate/#ixzz1ir8ojQph

Научные исследования, доказывающие, что люди, которые имеют дело с акциями и играют на бирже, хуже психопатов, подвержены влиянию Луны и не нуждаются в здоровом мозге.

Трейдеры эгоистичнее, чем психопаты

 Noll Th., Scherrer P. (2011) Professionelle Trader in Einer Gefangenendilemma-Situation //Universität St. Gallen

исследование

В исследовании приняли участие 27 профессиональных трейдеров, работающих на различные швейцарские банки или хедж-фонды, а также контрольная группа из 24 обычных людей. Сначала все добровольцы прошли тест на психопатию, а затем им предложили поиграть с компьютером в известную психологическую игру «дилемма заключенного»: игрок в каждом раунде должен выбрать между двумя вариантами поведения — попыткой кооперации и эгоистичным решением. При этом первый вариант более безопасен и подразумевает доверие к партнеру, а второй — более рискован, но в случае успеха приносит и большую выгоду. По окончании эксперимента ученые сравнили полученные результаты с итогами аналогичного исследования, в котором приняли участие 24 пациента немецких клиник с диагнозом «психопатия», подразумевающем, в частности, неспособность к эмпатии и безответственность.

результаты

Психологический тест показал, что в целом трейдеры менее склонны к психопатии, чем обычные люди. Однако показатели эгоизма и неискренности у биржевиков превысили аналогичные показатели диагностированных психопатов. Кроме того, очень высокой у трейдеров оказалась готовность к риску. Во время игры трейдеры проявили себя даже хуже, чем ожидали ученые. Из каждых 40 принятых ими решений 12 были эгоистичными. У психопатов в среднем таковых было только 4,4 из 40, тогда как обычные люди отказывались от кооперации лишь в 0,2 случая. Ученые сделали вывод, что трейдеры чаще исходили из предпосылки, что партнер будет действовать эгоистично, а также следовали прин­ципу: лучше выигрывать реже, но не давать побеждать партнеру. Еще более удивительным открытием стало то, что трейдеры, имеющие богатый опыт игры на рынке, добиваются успеха реже, чем психопаты. Душевнобольные, действуя эгоистичнее обычных людей, хотя бы выигрывали чаще.

Спокойствие приносит успех

Lo A.W., Repin D., Steenbarger B. (2005) Fear and Greed in Financial Markets: a Clinical Study of Day-Traders // NBER Working Paper Series, Working Paper 11243

исследование

Изначально к исследованию привлекли 80 добровольцев, зарегистрировавшихся на онлайн-курсах для трейдеров, но завершить обучение удалось лишь тридцати трем. Участникам предложили заполнить по три анкеты. В первой они должны были оценить уровень своей подавленности и беспокойства. Вторая представляла из себя список из 120 вопросов, позволяющих оценить личност­ные качества человека: невротизм, экстраверсию, открытость, приятность в общении и добросовест­ность. Также трейдеры должны были сообщить основную информацию о себе и в свободной форме рассказать о своих сильных и слабых профессиональных качествах. В конце каждого учебного дня участники эксперимента описывали свое эмоциональное состояние и сообщали о количестве операций на рынке и их успешности. По окончании обучения добровольцам предложили заполнить еще две анкеты. Первая позволяла психологам понять, какую часть жизни респондент, по его мнению, контролирует самостоятельно, какая находится под влиянием других людей, а какая зависит лишь от случая. Во второй анкете вновь оценивался уровень подавленности и беспокойства трейдеров.

результаты

Анализ полученных анкетных данных 80 участников позволил ученым сделать вывод, что большинство трейдеров не слишком дружелюбные люди: 19 человек набрали от 0 до 10 баллов из ста по шкале «приятности». С другой стороны, только 17 человек можно было назвать невротиками (больше 50 баллов). Также трейдерам не свойственна открытость: всего 21 человек получил больше 50 баллов. В среднем, размер банковского счета тех участников, которые считали своими сильными сторонами интуицию и чувство рынка, не превышал $24 тыс. У тех же трейдеров, кто опирался на дисциплину, концентрацию и сосредоточенность, в банке лежало не меньше $265 тыс. Люди, считающие импульсивность своим главным недостатком, оказались богаче коллег: в среднем $189 тыс. на счету. Следом за ними шли те, кто, по собственному мнению, недостаточно быстро избавлялся от дешевеющих акций ($159 тыс.) или рано продавал растущие ($153 тыс.). Больше всех зарабатывали дисциплинированные трейдеры (в среднем $2306), а также слишком осторожные и склонные к прокрастинации ($1591 доллар). Наименьшим был доход тех, кто считал своим главным достоинством энтузиазм и волю к победе ($27). Максимального успеха достигали наименее эмоциональные трейдеры. Успешные трейдеры, испытывая радость, зарабатывали на 32,4% больше, чем в обычные дни, а неудачники — на 52%. В плохом настроении лучшие зарабатывали на 39,3% меньше, а худшие — на 46,2%. То есть эмоции меньше сказывались на результатах успешных трейдеров.

Эмоциональное состояние и успехи на бирже

График показывает отклонения (в процентах) от среднедневных показателей самых успешных и самых неудачливых трейдеров, в зависимости от их эмоционального состояния. На результаты лучшей трети трейдеров меньше влияли как положительные, так и отрицательные эмоции.

Луна влияет на прибыль

Yuan K., Zhen L., Zhu Q. (2001) Are Investors Moonstruck? Lunar Phases and Stock Returns

исследование

Ученые из бизнес-школы штата Мичиган предположили, что поскольку Луна влияет на психологическое состояние человека, его поведение и настроение, то она обязана оказывать влияние и на фондовые рынки — примерно таким же образом, как, например, праздники или каникулы. Чтобы проверить свою догадку, исследователи сопоставили с фазами Луны данные о дневной выручке на фондовых рынках 48 стран за несколько десятков лет.

результаты

Цифры полностью подтвердили предположения ученых. Оказалось, что в семь последних дней старой Луны выручка падает на 2,6% даже в странах «семерки», где фондовые рынки наиболее устойчивы. В остальных развитых странах дневная выручка снижается на 3,75%, а на рынках развивающихся стран и вовсе на 13,35%. При этом если брать показатели не за семь, а за 15 дней старой Луны (то есть оценивать не пиковые, а средние показатели), то в этот период рынки развитых стран проседают чуть сильнее: 3,47% в «семерке» и 4,38% — в остальных. Ситуация в развивающихся странах, напротив, немного выравнивается — общее падение прибылей составляет всего 7%. В Великобритании Луна оказывает на рынок минимальное влияние — всего в 0,01%. Чувствительнее же всего фондовые рынки оказались в Турции и в России: в этих странах выручка падала на целых 29,9% и 53,9% соответственно. Интересно, что фондовый рынок при этом не зависит от праздников, которые отмечаются по лунному календарю: иудейский Йом-Кипур оказывает лишь небольшое отрицательное влияние на прибыль, а еврейский Новый год — вообще никакого.

Биржевые игры не для любителей

Barber B., Odean T. (2000) Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth: The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors // Journal of Finance, LV, 2: 773-805

исследование

Ученые школы менеджмента Калифорнийского университета провели анализ финансовой активности на рынке акций 78 000 домохозяйств, владевших ценными бумагами с 1991-гопо 1996 год. 12 000 из них были названы богатыми (больше $100 тыс. в ценных бумагах на какой-либо момент времени), 6 000 — активными (больше 48 операций с ценными бумагами в год), а остальные попали в общую группу. Каждая семья в среднем владела 4,3 пакета акций общей стоимостью в $47 тыс. При этом большая часть домохозяйств обладала лишь 2,6пакета средней стоимостью всего в $16 тыс.

результаты

Ученые обнаружили, что в среднем обычные люди могут похвастаться доходами, ненамного уступающими среднерыночным. Основные индексы за год росли примерно на 18%, а стоимость пакетов акций, принадлежавших домохозяйствам, на 16,4%. Однако дальнейшие исследования показали, что прибыль доставалась только тем семьям, которые использовали какую-либо из известных математических моделей оценки активов: Fama-French или CAPM. Те же, кто покупал и продавал акции исходя из собственных соображений, как правило, оказывались в минусе. Кроме того, выяснилось, что наиболее активные владельцы акций показывали наихудшие результаты. При среднегодовом росте индексов в 17,9% стоимость пакетов активных домохозяйств (которые пытались реагировать на колебания рынка и часто продавали и покупали акции) росла всего на 11,4% в год. То есть если бы эти частные инвесторы не совершали вообще никаких операций, то они заработали бы в полтора раза больше.

Здравомыслие только мешает

Shiv B., Loewenstein G., Bechara A., Damasio H., Damasi A.R. (2004) Investment Behavior and the Negative Side of Emotion // Psychological Science 16, 6: 435-439

исследование

В эксперименте участвовали 19 здоровых добровольцев и 15 добровольцев с повреждениями тех отделов головного мозга, которые отвечают за эмоции и принятие решений: лобных долей, миндалевидного тела и соматосенсорной коры. Также была собрана контрольная группа из семи пациентов с повреждениями головного мозга, не влияющими на эмоции или принятие решений. При этом все участники экспериментаобладали нормальным интеллектом. Каждый участник получал по $20 и в каждом из 20 раундов игры должен был принять решение, инвестировать ли $1 или нет. Ведущий подкидывал монетку, и, если выпадал орел, проинвестировавший участник получал $2,5, а если решка — терял вложенный доллар. Таким образом, вероятность остаться в убытке для игрока, который соглашался инвестировать в каждом раунде, не превышала 13%.

результаты

Как и ожидалось, сначала все участники инвестировали примерно с одинаковой частотой. Однако после первых раундов поведение людей из здоровой и контрольных групп изменилось: они стали все чаще отказываться инвестировать. Если раунд приводил к потере доллара, на инвестицию в следующем решались всего 40,5% нормальных участников и 37% людей из контрольной группы. А вот добровольцы из экспериментальной группы не обращали внимания на убытки — сразу после неудачи они инвестировали в 85,2% случаев. Впрочем, точно так же они реагировали и на свои успехи — соглашаясь инвестировать в 83% случаев. В здоровой группе такое случалось лишь в 61% случаев. В итоге по окончании игры добровольцы из здоровой группы заработали в среднем по $22,6 на человека. Средний доход людей с повреждениями мозга, влияющими на эмоции и принятия решений, оказался больше — $25,05.